The Siege of Jerusalem was conducted from June 7 to July 15, 1099, during the First Crusade (1096-1099) The Siege of Jebus (c.1000 BC) The first recorded siege of Jerusalem siege, involved the taking of the city, by the Jews from the Canaanites. According to the Old Testament 1 Book of Chronicles, the Israelites under King David captured the city of Jebus from the Jebusites, a Canaanite tribe Judaea after Pompey's siege of Jerusalem Meanwhile, Marcus Aemilius Scaurus attacked Aretas of Petra, but allowed himself to be bribed for another 6,000 kg of silver. Soon afterwards, he was killed (an event mentioned in one of the Dead Sea scrolls). At that moment, Pompey had already left Judaea The Siege of Jerusalem took place from June 7 to July 15, 1099 during the First Crusade. During it, the Crusaders stormed and captured the city from Fatimid Egypt. The Siege is notable for the massacre that followed, during which much of Jerusalem's population was slaughtered Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC) Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC) In 589 BC, Nebuchadnezzar II laid siege to Jerusalem, culminating in the destruction of the city and its temple in 587 BC
Crusades - Crusades - The siege of Jerusalem: Not far from Beirut, the army entered the territory of the Fāṭimid caliphs of Cairo, who, as Shiʿi Muslims, were enemies of the Sunni Seljuqs and the caliphs of Baghdad. In August 1098 the Fāṭimids had occupied Jerusalem. The final drive of the First Crusade, therefore, was against the Fāṭimids of Egypt, not the Seljuqs After seeing what was happening to the surrounding area, Hezekiah agrees to pay the tribute, but Sennacharib rejects the offer and continues to siege Jerusalem. Representatives of Sennacharib and Hezekiah meet, and Hezekiah is told not to put his trust in Egypt by Sennacharib, which has parallels with Isaiah's words of warning
The 37th siege of Jerusalem Excerpts from the diary of a journalist written in the spring of 1948 in the midst of Israel's War of Independence the historical siege of Jerusalem in 70 C.E. For medieval Christian exegetes, Josephus's account of the Jewish war represented a history of the Roman siege that could be used to substantiate Christian doctrine. Josephus presents the first portrayal of the Roman involvement in Christian historiography outside of the biblical account. It is throug After seeing what was happening to the surrounding area, Hezekiah agrees to pay the tribute, but Sennacharib rejects the offer and continues to siege Jerusalem. Representatives of Sennacharib and Hezekiah meet, and Hezekiah is told not to put his trust in Egypt by Sennacharib, which has parallels with Isaiah's words of warning The 12th and 15th legions were stationed on Mount Scopus, further to the east and commanding all ways to Jerusalem from east to north. On the 10th of August, in A.D. 70 - (the 9th of Av) -- in Jewish calendar reckoning, the very day when the King of Babylon burned the Temple in 586 B.C., the Temple was burned again The Destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD. The Jewish Wars began in 66 A.D. and they were a direct revolt by the Jews against Rome's authority. Titus with his Roman legions arrived at the outermost northern Wall of Jerusalem, the Passover of 70 A.D. The Romans built embankments of earthenwork, they placed battering rams and the siege began
Buoyed by these spiritual practices, the Crusaders attacked Jerusalem in the final assault on Friday, July 15, which was the Feast of the Dispersal of the Apostles, and at three o'clock in the afternoon, the hour of Crucifixion, they entered the Holy City. Jerusalem was once again in Christian hands. As was common in medieval warfare, in. against Jerusalem, after some time he raised the siege. 1. After he had left, many of the oldest of the Jews went out from Jerusalem as from a sinking ship. 2. A few years later when Vespasian came with his troops against Jerusalem, a great multitude fled from Jerusalem to the mountains for security A siege around Jerusalem had been in place since the 12th of Nissan (about 3 months earlier). The Jews had a limited amount of food and it is written that a significant amount starved to death. Then, today, on the 17th of Tammuz, the Roman Army led by Titus breached the walls and continued to fight and kill the Jews inside Jerusalem If there's a siege, hear the message now. Don't wait for the destruction. If the Jewish problem today is a lack of appreciation of our heritage, then the solution is clear: increased love of Torah, love of Jews, and love of Israel and Jerusalem. The Almighty is telling us: The siege will not be lifted until you correct the mistake
SIEGE OF JERUSALEM: FOOTNOTES 1 Lines 1-4: In the time of Tiberius, this legitimate emperor, / [Ruling as] Sir Caesar himself, held sway in Rome, / While [Pontius] Pilate was provost under that rich prince (i.e., Tiberius) / And also judge of the Jews in Judaea's lands 2 Lines 5-8: [And] Herod, under his (i.e., Tiberius') imperial rule, by hereditary right, / Was called the king of Galilee. The Siege of Jerusalem—A Sign to Both Israel and Judah (Ezekiel 4) August 16-17 In this second pantomime instructed by God, Ezekiel is directed to act out a mock siege against Jerusalem. Recall that he was to effectively be mute, so the prophet's strange actions would communicate God's message
Sep. 6, 2012. On this day in 70 C.E., the Roman siege of Jerusalem ended as rebel forces in the city were vanquished. The siege and conquest of Jerusalem was the climax of the Great Revolt, which began four years earlier with a number of attacks by Jewish rebels in the Land of Israel against Roman authorities The Siege of Jerusalem took place from June 7 to July 15, 1099 during the First Crusade.The climax of the First Crusade, the successful siege saw the Crusaders seize the city from the Fatimid Caliphate and laid the foundations for the Kingdom of Jerusalem Passover 1948 promised to be a dismal one in Jerusalem under the siege and Arab blockades, but the tenacious commitment of Rabbi Shlomo Goren, a surprise visit from an Elijah-type character, and a few miracles transformed the holiday into a significant and memorable occasion in the saga of Jerusalem Nebuchadnezzar's Siege of Jerusalem - In the ninth year of Zedekiah's reign, on the tenth day of the tenth month, King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon advanced against Jerusalem with his entire army. They laid siege to the city and built a siege wall against it all around. The city was under siege until King Zedekiah's eleventh year. By the ninth day of the fourth month the famine was so.
The Siege of Jerusalem Portrayed - And you, O mortal, take a brick and set it before you. On it portray a city, Jerusalem; and put siegeworks against it, and build a siege wall against it, and cast up a ramp against it; set camps also against it, and plant battering rams against it all around. Then take an iron plate and place it as an iron wall between you and the city; set your face toward. In Jerusalem, the temple captain signified solidarity with the revolt by stopping the daily sacrifices to Caesar. Soon all Jerusalem was in an uproar, expelling or killing the Roman troops. Then.
Send a group of 3-5 Villagers and 7-9 Mamelukes on the South-Eastern wall of Jerusalem. Order the Villagers to build a Castle near the border between the terrain of sand and grass (near the Knight's Templar city). Build a Trebuchet, and order it to destroy the outside of the Knight's Templar city, guarded (and surrounded) by Mamelukes Originally released as cassette, limited to 50 copies. As those copies sold fast, another 50 were ordered, and in the meantime it was available as CD-r
About The Siege of Jerusalem - AH (1989) Version 2.3 module by clanmacrae9: Changed in game instructions to prompt for use of Turn Counter instead of Shift/Right button. Fixed the Multiple Attacks marker to display A,B or C Multiple attacks. About The Siege of Jerusalem - AH (1989) Version 2.2 module by clanmacrae9 After a month-long siege, the Crusaders successfully ousted the Fatimid Caliphate from Jerusalem, slaughtering almost of the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants of the city. The invading Europeans established four large Crusader states, including the Kingdom of Jerusalem, which was filled with Christian immigrants to block the return of Muslims and Jews Chapter 27: The Siege of the City of Jerusalem . On the seventh of June the Franks besieged Jerusalem. The city is located in a mountainous region, which is lacking in rivers, woods, and springs, except the Fountain of Siloam, where there is plenty of water, but it empties forth only at certain intervals First evidence of Crusader siege from July 15, 1099, uncovered at Old City walls 920 years ago, Crusaders breached Jerusalem and conquered the walled Fatimid city
SIEGE OF JERUSALEM, INTRODUCTION: FOOTNOTES 1 This and all subsequent quotations from the Bible are from the Douay-Rheims translation as revised in 1749-52 by Richard Challoner. 2 Nicholson, Haunted Itineraries, p. 447. 3 Hanna, Contextualising The Siege of Jerusalem, p. 109. 4 Lawton, Titus Goes Hunting and Hawking, p. 105.Lawton refers, of course, to his own work (with Hanna) in. The Siege of Jerusalem was part of a military conflict which took place in the year 637 between the Byzantine Empire and the Rashidun Caliphate.It began when the Rashidun army, under the command of Abu Ubaidah, besieged Jerusalem in November 636. After six months, the Patriarch Sophronius agreed to surrender, on condition that he submit only to the Rashidun caliph
The Siege of Acre was the first significant counter attack by King Guy of Jerusalem to the losses the kingdom experienced to Saladin, leader of the Muslims in Syria and Egypt and formed part of what later became known as the Third Crusade This is SIEGE OF JERUSALEM...an epic battle simulation with all the trappings and majesty of a Cecil B. DeMille film spectacular. Facing the greatest army of antiquity, the Judea's must rely on the stoutness of their walls to halt the unbeatable Roman legions and therein lies the fascination: the immovable object vs the unstoppable force There is full discussion of the textual relations, and the editorial methods best suited to presenting a text extant in many copies. There are full manuscript descriptions and the editors discuss sources and possible authorship.The Siege of Jerusalem was previously edited for the society by Eugen Köbling and Mabel Day (O.S. 188, 1932) The siege of Jerusalem lasted from the winter months in Zedekiah's ninth year as king to the summer of his eleventh year. This works out to be about eighteen months of an increasingly terrible situation. The City Falls. Now it came about in the ninth year of his reign, on the tenth day of the tenth month, that Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon. The siege of Masada was one of several historical events recorded by Roman-Jewish historian Flavius Josephus during the First Jewish-Roman War. The siege occurred between 73 and 74 CE, after the fall of Jerusalem. The siege of Masada was a pivotal event in the First Jewish-Roman War as it brought an end to the first revolt by the Jewish people.
The siege of Jerusalem was a classic case of two opposing and incompatible worldviews. It was not the first time the Romans had conquered the capital of the kingdom, nor was it the first time Jerusalem had been sacked by a foreign power. It was unusual for the Romans, however, because it was not the final act that such a conquest generally was Media in category Siege of Jerusalem 1099 The following 25 files are in this category, out of 25 total. 'Godfrey of Boulogne Summons His Chiefs to Council' by Francesco Guardi.JPG. 1099 Siege of Jerusalem.jpg 661 × 900; 305 KB. 1099-07-15 Prise de Jérusalem.jpg Start studying The siege of jerusalem. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools Yes, all our Siege Of Jerusalem (Medieval Studies)|Bonnie Millar clients are provided with free revisions after receiving their orders. If a customer feels somewhat dissatisfied with their paper, they are welcome to ask the writer to make necessary changes. Then, writers will revise the paper as many times as it is required for customers to be fully pleased with their orders Josephus Describes the Romans' Sack of Jerusalem. The Wars of the Jews, Book 6. as was the number of those that perished during the whole siege eleven hundred thousand, (421) the greater part.
The Siege of Jerusalem was a siege on the city of Jerusalem that lasted from September 20 to October 2, 1187, when Balian of Ibelin surrendered the city to Saladin. Though Jerusalem fell, it was not the end of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, as the capital shifted first to Tyre and later to Acre after the Third Crusade The Siege of Jerusalem in the year 70 AD was the decisive event of the First Jewish-Roman War.The Roman army, led by the future Emperor Titus, with Tiberius Julius Alexander as his second-in-command, besieged and conquered the city of Jerusalem, which had been occupied by its Jewish defenders in 66 AD.. The siege ended with the sacking of the city and the destruction of its famous Second Temple The Siege of Jerusalem JULY 4 - Nº 185 2 Kings 24:18 - 25:2; 2 Chronicles 36:11-14; Jeremiah 21; 37 Nebuchadnezzar made Zedekiah king of Judah in Jehoiachin's place The Siege of Jerusalem. The siege of Jerusalem was a miracle - and a national disaster. It depends which siege you're talking about. The first - a dramatic miracle in the history of Jerusalem - began in 701 BCE, when the Assyrians, as part of the expansion of their empire, conquered most of Judah and surrounded the city.. Although the city has been besieged many times, this was perhaps. The Babylonian Armies laid Siege to Jerusalem. 2 Kings 24:20 For because of the anger of the LORD this happened in Jerusalem and Judah, that He finally cast them out from His presence. Next was Jerusalem, In 589 B.C. the Babylonians quickly attacked the city walls. The heaviest battering rams and siege equipment were brought up
The siege tightened. It was time for Jerusalem's protective belt - the agricultural villages established on its outskirts on JNF land - to prove themselves. Through the winter of 1948 Atarot and Neveh Yaacov in the north withstood recurrent attack. Transportation was conducted under battle and there were casualties The destruction of God's own city, Jerusalem, is a vivid warning to you and to me — of but yet another prophecy. There is another siege — yet in the future. This one will involve the entire planet (Matthew 24:36ff; 2 Peter 3) The entire documentary on the Roman Siege of Jerusalem in 70 AD. This massive battle is one of the most stunning of all antiquity. On display were impressive siege works and feats of bravery on both the Roman and Jewish sides as they fought mercilessly over every inch of Jerusalem (Inside Science) -- In the 6th century B.C., the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II, fearful that the Egyptians would cut off the Babylonian trade routes to the eastern Mediterranean region known as the Levant, invaded and laid siege to Jerusalem to block them. His army destroyed the temple the Hebrew king Solomon built there, and forced the city's elite to exile in Babylonia David Roberts' 'The Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans Under the Command of Titus, A.D. 70' David Roberts (1796-1864) , c. 1850 CE David Roberts was a Scottish painter and printmaker who made his name with Orientalist paintings, sketches and lithographs based on his extensive tours of Egypt, Palestine, Jordan, and Lebanon
I have studied the Bible for over 40 years. I focus on the Scripture itself, and study the surrounding writings with the same veracity. Bringing literary and historical context to Bible study The fall of Jerusalem is taken from Josephus' description of The Jewish War. It accounts for the Siege of Jerusalem which occurred in the year 70 CE and holds its place as the most decisive event of the First Jewish-Roman War A partial siege by the tribe of Judah against the Jebusites takes place a short time after the death of Joshua (Judges 1:8). 1003 B.C. King David takes the city. The city becomes the capital of a united Israel and is henceforth known as Jerusalem (the city of David - 2Samuel 5:6 - 7, 9 - 10, see also 1Chronicles 12:23 - 39). 925 B.C
The Sieges of Jerusalem. - Appendix to the Companion Bible. 53. THE SIEGES OF JERUSALEM. By the tribe of Judah against the Jebusites, about 1443 B.C. This was some 700 years before Rome was founded. It was only partial, for in David's reign we still find the Jebusites occupying the citadel (the future Zion) Siege of Jerusalem. Game Parts : $5.00 +$5.00 Shipping : Reference CD : This reference CD has everything you need to make your game playable! - Game Rules in PDF format Game charts, log pads, counters, and variant counters. A high resolution map of the game boar The Siege of Jerusalem (c. 1370-90 CE) is a difficult text. By twenty-first-century standards, it is gruesomely violent and offensive. It tells the story of the Roman destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE, an event viewed by its author (as by many in the Middle Ages) as divine retribution against Jews for the killing of Christ
Zie de categorie Siege of Jerusalem 1099 van Wikimedia Commons voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp. Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 7 apr 2021 om 13:58. De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van. Siege of Jerusalem is an interesting mix of the romantic, the religious, and the historical. The main theme is the criteria of a just war—which necessitates the author's choice to present Titus's and Vespasian's conversion to Christianity before they head off to fight the Jews Roman legions press their siege during the fall of Jerusalem in a work by Scottish painter David Roberts. As the siege progressed, Titus relocated the legion camps closer to the front lines and in the new town itself. But Titus's initial success, and the casualties he inflicted on the defenders, did not stop the Jews from fighting among.
The siege and fall of Jerusalem can, therefore, be viewed through the lens of broader historical developments. The fifth of these Babylonian Chronicles contains one of the most important correspondences between biblical and extra-biblical historical records Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE) In the year 66 CE the Jewish people of Israel rebelled against the Roman Empire. The Jews fought fiercely against the Romans but were eventually overwhelmed by the strength of the armies of Rome. By 70 CE the Romans laid siege to Jerusalem, just as the Babylonians and previous invaders had done over a thousand years. Now when Jerusalem was captured in the ninth year of Zedekiah king of Judah, in the tenth month, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon and all his army came to Jerusalem and laid siege to it; in the eleventh year of Zedekiah, in the fourth month, in the ninth day of the month, the city wall was breached
The Siege of Jerusalem tells the story of one woman on a heroic mission in the Holy Land during the dangerous days of Israel's War for Independence. Pauline Rose, a mother of the Messianic Jewish movement in Israel, tells the dramatic story of how she came to the holy city to ignite the Sabbath light of Messiah in the midst of bullets and bombs Repent and live! (Ezek 18:27, 32) For more on the the circumstances of the siege, see The Siege of Jerusalem. The passage in 2 Kings 6 is similar. Joram, the king of Israel, was the son of Ahab and Jezebel Siege of Jerusalem is the title commonly given to an anonymous Middle English epic poem created in the second half of the 14th century (possibly ca. 1370-1380). The poem is composed in the alliterative manner popular in medieval English poetry, especially during the period known as the alliterative revival, and is known from nine surviving manuscripts, an uncommonly high number for works of. In the course of that siege, the bravery and courage of Bohemond I became clear. Twice, relief armies showed up, one from Damascus and one from Aleppo. It was Bohemond who rallied the Crusader forces to beat back these large armies. Learn more about the long trek to fight the Muslims and retake Jerusalem
On July 15, 1099, the Holy city of Jerusalem was finally captured by the Crusaders after a 38-day long siege. What followed was the massacre of the natives. The Crusaders rushed through the streets and into the houses and mosques killing all that they met, men, women, and children alike. All that afternoon and all [ Knowing that Jerusalem would eventually be subject to siege, he had been preparing for war for some time by fortifying the walls of Jerusalem, building towers, and constructing a tunnel to bring fresh water to the city from a spring outside its walls (Isa. 22:11; 2 Kings 20:20; 2 Chr. 32:2-5) Ezekiel prophesied of a siege to begin 40 years after Judah and 430 years after Israel last chose to follow God. It was fulfilled to the very day! The Lord commanded the Old Testament prophet Ezekiel to make a very graphic and enigmatic prophecy about the coming siege of Jerusalem by King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon
Was the Siege at Jerusalem in A.D. 70 the Worst in World History? By Wayne Jackson Please explain Matthew 24:21: [F]or then shall be great tribulation, such as has not been from the beginning of the world until now, no, nor ever shall be Thus said Sennacherib king of Assyria, Where on do you trust, that you abide in the siege in Jerusalem? Thus saith. 2 Kings 18:19 And Rabshakeh said unto them, Speak ye now to Hezekiah, Thus saith the great king, the king of Assyria, What confidence is this wherein thou trustest?. Isaiah 36: The Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans Under the Command of Titus, 70 CE, Oil on canvas. Painter: David Roberts, c. 1850 C The Siege of Jerusalem is a large scale siege launched by Kokabiel's Scourge following the erasure of Lucifer. David had Death reconstruct Hilter's body and use it as a vessel for Lucifer in order to trick him into coming to the Tomb of the Christ in order to gain the Rock of Cain. After David revealed that Lucifer is now a target of Loki and further revealed that he knows that Loki is his son.
When Senacheirimos returned to Jerusalem from his war with Egypt, he found there the force under Rapsakes in danger from a plague, for God had visited a pestilential sickness upon his army, and on the first night of the siege one hundred and eighty-five thousand men had perished with their commanders and officers - Jospehus, Ja. 10.17.2 Assyrian March Against Judah. In 705 bc, the brilliant warrior King Sargon II of Assyria died far from home, fighting against forces led by the otherwise-obscure Eshpai the Kullumaean. He was the only Assyrian king to be slain in the field, and his death in battle represented a serious blow to Assyrian prestige Siege of Jerusalem is the title commonly given to an anonymous Middle English epic poem created in the second half of the 14th century.The poem is composed in the alliterative manner popular in medieval English poetry, especially during the period known as the alliterative revival, and is known from nine surviving manuscripts, an uncommonly high number for works of this time The Siege of Jerusalem in the year 70 AD was the decisive event of the First Jewish-Roman War. The Roman army, led by the future Emperor Titus, with Tiberius Julius Alexander as his second-in-command, besieged and conquered the city of Jerusalem, which had been occupied by its Jewish defenders in 66 in 638 ce, following the siege of jerusalem, the caliph omar ibn al-khattab and safforonius, the patriarch of jerusalem, signed al-uhda al-'omariyya (the umariyya covenant), an agreement that stipulated the rights and obligations of all non-muslims in pal - the siege of jerusalem stock illustration
During siege of Jerusalem. 24. Early 597 BC. After Jeconiah's exile. 25 . Tishri 606—Elul 605 BC. Fourth year of Jehoiakim. 26 . Late 609 BC. Beginning of Jehoiakim's reign. 27-29 . Tishri 595—Elul 594 BC. Beginning of Zedekiah's reign. 30-31 . Undated (Zedekiah's reign?) No date given at 30:1. 32 . Nisan—Elul 588 BC. Tenth year of. On 25 September, Saladin's siege force was positioned, ironically, at the spot from where the knights of the First Crusade had attacked the city 88 years ago. Indeed, this was an effective move, a breach was created in the wall just three days later by the Sultan's miners, and now the city could be assaulted
The Siege of Jerusalem. Avalon Hill's class wargame about the Siege of Jerusalem. An epic battle simulation with all the trappings and majesty of a Cecil B. DeMille film spectacular. Facing the greatest army of antiquity, the Judeans must rely on the stoutness of their walls to halt the unbeatable Roman legions and therein lies the fascination. The Siege of Jerusalem in the year 70 was the decisive event of the First Jewish-Roman War.The Roman army, led by the future Emperor Titus, with Tiberius Julius Alexander as his second-in-command, besieged and conquered the city of Jerusalem, which had been occupied by its Jewish defenders in 66.. The siege ended with the sacking of the city and the destruction of its famous Second Temple Peter W. Edbury, The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade: Sources in Translation. Ashgate, 1996. René Grousset, Histoire des croisades et du royaume franc de Jérusalem - II. 1131-1187 L'équilibre, Paris, Perrin, 1935 (réimpr. 2006), 1013 p The Siege of Jerusalem occurred from September 20 to October 2, 1187 which resulted in the near total breakdown of the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem and the regain of Jerusalem by Saladin. Provoking the Third Crusade by allowing its primary goal to return Jerusalem to Christendom
The Siege of Jerusalem is the obvious choice as a correlating time period which I would say is the only plausible term of upheaval within range significant enough to profitably bolster a prophetic preacher's missionary tour. His audience would have predominantly been Jews recoiling from ever widening Roman reprisals. Under such conditions. Siege of Jerusalem (1244) 31° 46′ 48″ N, 35° 13′ 12″ E: Authority contro Siege of Jerusalem (636-637) Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (Redirected from Siege of Jerusalem (637)) For other sieges laid upon the city of Jerusalem in history, see Siege of Jerusalem. Siege of Jerusalem (637) Part of the Muslim conquest of Syria. By making an order beforehand, not only do you save money but also let your dissertation writer alter the The History Of The Siege And Destruction Of Jerusalem (Classic Reprint)|Flavius Josephus paper as many times as you need within the 14-day free revision period. If you have a complicated task at hand, the best solution is to pick a 3+ day turnaround The Jerusalem Post Customer Service Center can be contacted with any questions or requests: Telephone: *2421 * Extension 4 Jerusalem Post or 03-7619056 Fax: 03-5613699 E-mail: subs@jpost.co Cultural Trauma and Christian Identity in the Late Medieval Heroic Epic, The Siege of Jerusalem. DeMarco PA. This essay examines scenes of violence in the late medieval poem The Siege of Jerusalem in order to reveal the ways in which trauma is used as the grounds upon which Christian/Jewish difference is established